A core principle of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) is that member states adhere to democratic values. So what happens now that Turkey, a longtime NATO member, has suspended a number of legal protections in the weeks and months following the July 15 coup attempt?
Immediately after part of the military tried to overthrow his government, Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan retaliated with a widespread purge of large numbers of police officers, judges and soldiers. By late July, the Turkish government’s crackdown had extended to the private financial sector, as well as the country’s universities. The government detained as many as 50,000 in what one news report called “the biggest purge in Turkey’s modern history.”
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Turkey’s ties with the West are strained
As discussed here in the Monkey Cage, Erdogan met with Russian President Vladimir Putin in early August after criticizing the U.S.-European response to the coup. That Erdogan sought closer ties with Putin is a remarkable outcome in light of the fact that Turkey and Russia have been at loggerheads over Syria.
From Turkey’s perspective, NATO and the West may have “failed the solidarity test” by offering Erdogan little reassurance after the coup attempt. Washington, for instance, made no promise to grant Turkey’s extradition request for Fethullah Gulen, the U.S.-based Turkish cleric who Erdogan claims was the coup’s mastermind. AWhile the two nations have been cooperating in the ongoing fight against the Islamic State, significant tensions remain.
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These recent developments — and years of creeping authoritarianism by Erdogan and his AKP party — have led some foreign policy analysts to call for Turkey’s expulsion from NATO.
Doug Bandow at the Cato Institute called for a “civil divorce,” noting that “As Ankara moves toward an authoritarian one-party state, its membership in NATO becomes ever more incongruous.”
Another Cato scholar, Ted Galen Carpenter, last year wrote that “NATO is supposed to be an alliance of peaceful democracies. Yet evidence continues to mount that Turkey fails to meet [that] standard.” More recently, Carpenter wrote, “Does America really want to risk its security to protect such allies, especially when it purports to lead an alliance of enlightened democracies?”
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But Erdogan’s increasingly authoritarian stance doesn’t necessarily provide the grounds for booting Turkey out of NATO. A brief look at the historical record shows that the United States has a long and complicated legacy of supporting autocrats both inside and outside of NATO.
There are many examples in U.S. history
Michael Poznansky’s research with John Owen suggests that as a general rule, the United States is far less likely to dump a dictator if there is a credible ideological alternative to liberal democracy and capitalism that opponents might institute — if given the chance to govern.
In 1961, for example, President John F. Kennedy summarized what he saw as three U.S. options regarding the longtime Dominican Republic dictator Rafael Trujillo: “In descending order of preference: a decent democratic regime, a continuation of the Trujillo regime or a Castro regime. We ought to aim at the first, but we really can’t renounce the second until we are sure that we can avoid the third.”
When communist forces emerged as viable competitors in some countries in the late 1970s, Jimmy Carter — perhaps the most dovish president during the Cold War — turned a blind eye to Ferdinand Marcos’s electoral fraud in the Philippines (1978) and Chun Doo Hwan’s crackdown on student protesters in South Korea (1980).
NATO allies don’t always play by the rules
That’s what history shows, but what about the supporting data as it pertains specifically to NATO allies? We decided to compare Turkey and Portugal, a NATO founding member in 1949 that didn’t become a full democracy until 1976. Turkey, which joined the alliance in 1952, has fluctuated between full-fledged democracy and a regime with strong authoritarian characteristics (the same is true of Greece, which also joined the alliance in 1952).
The two graphs below chart the fluctuations in regime type for Portugal and Turkey from the year each entered the alliance through 2013. We coded each country’s “polity score” using the Polity IV index. Scores ranged from -10 (most autocratic) to +10 (most democratic). The horizontal red line represents a score of +7 on the Polity index — this is the threshold political scientists commonly use to gauge whether a country is a mature and stable democracy.
These graphs clearly show that both Portugal and Turkey have, at various times, fallen far short of this threshold. But NATO never booted either country out of the alliance.
Portugal’s regime trajectory since entering NATO (Note: The red line represents +7, a standard polity score threshold for consolidated democracy) Data: Polity IV Project; Figure: Michael Poznansky and Keith Carter
Turkey’s regime trajectory since entering NATO (Note: The red line represents +7, a standard polity score threshold for consolidated democracy) Data: Polity IV Project; Figure: Michael Poznansky and Keith Carter
So there’s no obvious historical precedent to break up the U.S.-Turkish alliance — or to see Turkey expelled from NATO, despite the democracy requirements. If history is any guide, the United States will continue to do what it has done for nearly 70 years and support its NATO allies through both democracy and dictatorship.
Looking the other way … for now
During the Cold War, the battle between communism and liberal democracy meant the U.S. kept close ties with a number of undemocratic players rather than risking the emergence of new communist regimes. Today, the shifting dynamics of U.S.-Russian relations, a deepening conflict in Syria, and an ongoing struggle between secularism and political Islam help explain, in part, America’s willingness to gloss over the Erdogan crackdown.
Notwithstanding Secretary of State John F. Kerry’s July warning that Turkey’s NATO membership was under scrutiny, the U.S. interest in preserving ties with secular or at least moderate Islamic regimes means that America is probably willing, at least for the time being, to look the other way when its allies and clients flirt with authoritarianism.
To be clear, our goal here is not to take sides in debates about what the West ought to do vis-à-vis Turkey today. Rather, we are simply arguing that those calling for Turkey’s expulsion from NATO because of the recent purges must look to something other than the historical record for support.
Michael Poznansky is an assistant professor of international affairs and intelligence studies in the Graduate School of Public and International Affairs at the University of Pittsburgh. He holds a PhD in politics from the University of Virginia.
Lt. Col. Keith L. Carter is serving as an advanced strategic plans and policy fellow at the University of Pennsylvania, where he is a doctoral candidate in political science. The views expressed are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the Department of the Army or the U.S. government.